高中英语必修五课文

篇一：必修五课文与翻译

外研高中必修五

Module 1

The British and American English

Words Words Words

British and American English are different in many ways. The first and most obvious way is in the vocabulary. There are hundreds of different words which are not used on the other side of the Atlantic or which are used with a different meaning. Some of these words are well known---Americans drive automobiles down freeways and fill up with gas;the British drive cars along motorways and fill up with petrol. As a tourist, you will need to use the underground in London or the subway in New York, or maybe you will prefer to get around the town by taxi(British)or cab(American).

Chips or French Fries?

But other words and expressions are not so well known. Americans use a flashlight, while for the British, it's a torch. The British queue up, Americans stand in line .sometimes the same word has a slightly different meaning, which can be confusing. Chips, for example, are pieces of hot fried potato in Britain; in the States chips are very thin and are sold in packets. The British call these crisps. The chips the British know and love are French fries on the other side of the Atlantic.

Have or have got?

There are a few differences in grammar, too. The British say Have you got...?An American might say My friend just arrived, but a British person would say My friend has just arrived. Prepositions, too, can be different: compare on the team, on the weekend(American)with in the team, at the weekend(British).The British use prepositions where Americans sometimes omit them(I'll see you Monday Write me soon)

Colour or colour?

The other two areas in which the two varieties differ are spelling and pronunciation. American spelling seems simpler: center, color and program instead of centre, colour and programme. Many factors have

influenced American pronunciation since the first settlers arrived four hundred years ago. The accent, which is most similar to British English, can be heard on the East Coast of the US. When the Irish writer George Bernard Shaw made the famous remark that the British and the Americans are two nations divided by a common language, he was obviously thinking about the differences. But are they really so important? After all, there is probably as much variation of pronunciation within the two countries as between them. A Londoner has more difficulty understanding a Scotsman from Glasgow than understanding a New Yorker.

Turn on the TV

Some experts believe that the two varieties are moving closer together .For more than a century communications across the Altantic have developed steadily. Since the 1980s,with satellite TV and the Internet, it has been possible to listen to British and American English at the flick of a switch(按一下开关). This non-stop communication, the experts think, has made it easier for British people and Americans to understand each other. But it has also led to lots of American words and structures passing into British English so that some people believe that British English will disappear.

However, if you turn on CNN, the American TV network, you find newsreaders and weather forecasters all speaking with different accents---American, British, Australian, and even Spanish. One of the best -known faces, Monita Rajpal, was born in Hong Kong, China, and grew up speaking Chinese and Punjabi, as well as English.

This international dimension suggests that in the future, there are going to be many "Englishes" not just two main varieties. But the message is "Don't worry." Users of English will all be able to understand each other --wherever they are.

必修五Module 2

The Human Traffic Signal

At 3500meters,La Paz, in Bolivia, is the highest capital in the world. Life is hard at high altitude, and the mountains make communications difficult. Many roads are in bad condition and accidents are frequent. One road in particular, which goes north from La Paz, is considered the most dangerous road in the world. On one side the mountains rise steeply: on the other side there is a sheer drop, which in places is hundreds of metres deep. Although there is not a lot of traffic, on average, one vehicle comes off the road every two weeks. The drop is so great that anyone inside the vehicle is lucky to survive. In theory, the road can only be used by traffic going uphill from 8 in the morning ,and by traffic coming downhill from 3 in the afternoon. But in practice, few drivers respect the rules.

位于海拔3500米的玻利维亚的首都拉巴斯是世界上最高的首都。在海拔高的地区生活是艰苦的而且高山会使地区的交通变得困难。许多道路的情况都非常的差而且时常发生事故。事实上，从拉巴斯通向北边的一条路被认为是世界上最危险的路。在路的一边耸立着陡峭的高山，在路的另一边会有一个陡峭的悬崖，有的地方有几百米深。尽管这里没有太多的交通，平均每两个周就会有一辆车冲出道路掉进悬崖。这个悬崖落差是非常大的，在掉下去的车里任何一个乘客能活下来都是非常不容易的。理论上说，这条路从早上八点钟开始只允许上山的车通行，而下午三点以后只允许下山的车通行。但是事实上，几乎很少有司机遵守这些规定。

But thanks to one man, the death toll has fallen. Timoteo Apaza is a gentle 46-year-old man who lives in a village near the most dangerous part of the road, known locally as la curva del diablo(the Devil's

Bend).Timoteo has an unusual job-he is a human traffic signal. Every morning he climbs up to the bend with a large circular board in his hand. The board is red on one side and green on the other. Timoteo stands on the bend and directs the traffic. When two vehicles approach from opposite directions they can't see each other, but they can see Timoteo. Timoteo is a volunteer. No one asked him to do the job, and no one pays him for it. Sometimes drivers give him a tip, so that he has just enough

money to live on. But often they just pass by, taking he human traffic signal for granted.

但是幸亏一个人，这条路上的伤亡人数已经下降了。一个46岁的温和的名叫铁穆特欧.安迫塞的老人住在距离这条路最危险路段的一个村庄里，这段路通常被人们称为“魔鬼弯路”。铁穆特欧有一个不寻常的工作----人体交通标志。每天早晨他手里都拿着一个大的圆的板爬上弯道。这个板一面是红色的另一面是绿色的。铁穆特欧在站在转弯处指挥交通。当两辆车相对开来时他们彼此是看不到的，但都可以看到铁穆特欧。铁穆特欧是志愿者。没有人要他去做这项工作也没有人付钱给他。有时，司机会给他一些小费，以便让他有足够的钱来维持生活。但是在通常情况下司机们会开着车过去，把人体交通标志看作是理所当然的事了。

So why does he do it? Before he volunteer to direct the traffic, Timoteo had had lots of jobs. He had been a miner and a soldier.Then one day while he was working as a lorry driver he had a close encounter with death. He was driving a lorry load of bannanas when he came off the road at a bend and fell three hundred metres down the mountain. Somehow he survived. He was in hospital for months. Then, a few years later, he was called out in the night to help pull people out of a bus which had crashed at la curva del diablo. This last experience had a profound effect on Timoteo. He realised that he was lucky to be alive himself, and felt that it was his mission in life to help others. And so every morning, week in, week out, from dawn to dusk, Timoteo takes up his place on the bend and directs the traffic.

但是他为什么要这样做呢？在他自愿去指挥交通之前，铁穆特欧做过很多工作。他曾经当过矿工和士兵。当他做卡车司机的时候，有一次他和死神意外亲密相遇。当他开着装满香蕉的卡车要驶过一个弯道的时候，他连人带车都掉进300米深的山崖下面。不知什么原因他幸存了下来。他在医院里住了好几个月。几年后的一个夜里，他被叫起来帮助拉出在“魔鬼弯道”里坠毁的公共汽车里的人。最后的这次经历给铁穆特欧有了深刻的影响。他认识到他很幸运的活了下来并且感觉到它的使命是去帮助他人。于是无论从早到晚还是从黎明到黄昏，一周又一周，铁穆特欧都会来到这条路的弯道处站好他的位置，指挥交通。

必修五 Module 3

the steamboat

There was a big storm after midnight and the rain poured down. We stayed inside the shelter we had built and let the raft sail down the river. Suddenly, by the light of the lightning, we saw something in the middle of the river. It looked like a house at first, but then we realized it was a steamboat. It had hit a rock and was half in and half out of the water. We were sailing straight towards it.

午夜之后有一场暴风雨倾盆而下。我们呆在我们搭建的遮蔽雨的木筏里，让木筏随着河水顺流而下。突然，通过闪电，我们看到什么东西在河的中央。最初看上去像一座房子，但是后来我们意识到它是一艘汽船。它闯到了礁石，一半露在外面一半浸没在水中。

"It looks as if it'll go under soon," Jim said, after a couple of minutes. "Let's go and take a look," I said.

"I don't want to board a sinking ship," said Jim, but when I suggested that we might find something useful on the boat, he agreed to go. So we paddled over and climbed on to the steamboat, keeping as quiet as mice. To our astonishment, there was a light in one of the cabins. Then we heard someone shout, "Oh please boys, don't kill me! I won't tell anybody!"

A man's angry voice answered, "You're lying. You said that last time. We're going to kill you."

“它看起来快要沉了”过了一会吉姆说道。

“让我们去看一看吧”我说到。

吉姆说：“我可不想上一座快要沉了的船”，但是当我提出我们可能在上面找到一些有用的东西时，他同意去了。于是我们就划船过去，爬上汽船并像老鼠一样安静。使我们惊讶的是，有一间船舱的灯亮着。之后我们听到有人在呼喊，“oh 请不要杀我！我不会告诉任何人！”一个男人用生气的语气说道：“你在撒谎。你上一次也这样说。我们要杀了你。”

When he heard these words, Jim panicked and ran to the raft. But although I was frightened, I also felt very curious, so I put my head round the door. it was quite dark, but I could see a man lying on the floor, tied up with rope. There were two men standing over him. One was short, with a beard. The other was tall and had something in his hand that

篇二：人教版英语必修5全书课文翻译

第一单元 伟大的科学家

约翰·斯诺击败“霍乱王”

约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。但当他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病，人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。每次暴发霍乱时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓死去。约翰·斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。他知道，在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。

斯诺对霍乱致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣。一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖着，像一股危险的气体到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者为止。第二种看法是人们在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的。病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。

斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的，但他需要证据。因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱的时候，约翰·斯诺着手准备对此进行调研。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，约翰·斯诺就开始收集资料。他发现特别在两条街道上霍乱流行的很严重，在10天之内就死去了500多人。他决心要查明其原因。

首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的地方。这提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近（特别是这条街上16、37、38、40号）。他发现有些住宅（如宽街上20号和21号以及剑桥街上的8号和9号）却无人死亡。他以前没预料到这种情况，所有他决定深入调查。他发现，这些人都在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工，而酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵抽上来的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。

接下来，约翰·斯诺调查了这两条街的水源情况。他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。这样，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就开始得到缓解。他证明了，霍乱是由病菌而不是由气团传播的。

在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街暴发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中发现了有力的证据。有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢那里的水，每天都要派人从水泵打水运到家里来。她和她的女儿喝了这种水，都得了霍乱而死去。有了这个特别的证据，约翰·斯诺就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。

为了防止这种情况的再度发生，约翰·斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。自来水公司也接到指令，不能再让人们接触被污染的水了。最终，“霍乱王”被击败了

哥白尼的革命性理论

尼古拉·哥白尼被吓得心烦意乱的。虽然他曾经试着不去理睬那些数字，然而他所有的数学计算都得出了一个相同的结论：地球不是太阳系的中心。只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。他的这个理论可不能告诉任何人，因为即使他只暗示有这种想法，他都会受到强大的基督教会势力的惩罚。教会认为世界是上帝创造的，正因为如此，地球就具有特殊的意义，它必定要成为太阳系的中心。

这样，问题就来了，因为天文学家以前发现过，天上有些行星停顿下来，往后移动，然后再成环状向前移动，而其他行星看上去有时亮些，有时又不怎么亮。如果地球是太阳系的中心，而所有行星环绕着地球转的话，那么这种现象就很奇怪了。

哥白尼对这些问题曾经苦苦思索过很久，试图找出问题的答案。他曾经收集过观察星球的数据，并且利用他的全部数学知识来解释这些数据。但是只有他的新理论才能作出解释。于是，他在1510至1514年期间从事这项研究，逐步修改他的理论，直到他感到完善时为止。

1514年，他把他的新理论私下里给他的朋友们看。他对旧理论的修改是具有革命性的。他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上，而行星则围绕着太阳转，只有月球仍然绕着地球转。他还提出地球在围绕太阳转的同时，它本身还自转，这样就说明了行星运动的变化情况以及星球亮度问题。他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世，而他却小心谨慎，他不想遭到基督教会的攻击，所以他直到1543年临终之前才把它公布了出来。

当然，他小心谨慎是对的。基督教会拒绝接受他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意，而支持这种理论的人都会受到打击。然而哥白尼的理论却是我们宇宙观赖以建立的基础。他的理论还改变了基督教对地心引力的看法，他们认为物体往地球上掉落是因为上帝创造了地球，而地球正是宇宙的中心。哥白尼表明这是明显错误的。如今人们可以看到，他的这些想法与艾萨克·牛顿、阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦以及斯蒂芬·霍金等人的研究都有着直接的联系。

第二单元 联合王国

地理之谜

人们也许觉得奇怪，为什么用来描述英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰这四个国家的词语不太一样。但如果你学过英国历史，就能弄清楚这个问题

首先是英格兰。威尔士于13世纪同英格兰联合了起来。如今只要有人提起英格兰，你就会发现威尔士总是包括在内的。接着，英格兰、威尔士同苏格兰于17世纪联合了起来，名字就改成了“大不列颠”。令人庆幸的是，当苏格兰的詹姆斯国王成为英格兰和威尔士的国王时，这三个国家和平地实现了联合。最后，英国政府打算于20世纪初把爱尔兰也同另外三个国家和平联合起来以形成联合王国。然而，爱尔兰的南部却不愿意组建联合王国，它分离出去，并建立了自己的政府。因此只有北爱尔兰同英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰联合起来，而组成了联合王国，这一点从新的联合王国国旗上就可以看得出来。

值得赞扬的是，这四个国家的确在一些方面共同合作，例如在货币和国际关系方面；但是有些制度仍然区别很大。例如，北爱尔兰、英格兰和苏格兰在教育体制和立法体制上都存在着差异。在参加像世界杯之类的比赛时，它们有着各自的足球队。

在这四个国家中，英格兰是最大的。为了方便起见，它大致可以划分为三个地区。最靠近法国的那个地区叫做英格兰南部，中部地区叫做英格兰中部，最靠近苏格兰的那个地区叫做英格兰北部。你可以看到英国的大部分人口聚居在南部，而多数大工业城市都位于中部和北部。尽管，英国任何一个城市都不像中国的城市那样大，但是他们都有着自己的享有威名的足球队，有的城市甚至还有两个队。很遗憾，这些建于19世纪的工业城市对游客并没有吸引力。要找历史性建筑你得去更古老的、比较小些的由古罗马人建造的城镇。在那儿你才可能找到更多的有关英国历史和文化的东西。

最具历史意义的宝地是伦敦。那儿有博物馆，有艺术珍品、剧院、公园和各种建筑物。它是全国的政治中心。它有公元一世纪由罗马人建造的最古老的港口，有由盎格鲁-撒克逊人始建于11世纪60年代的最古老的建筑，还有公元1066年由后来的诺曼人统治者建造的最古老的城堡。曾经有四批侵略者到过英国。第一批入侵者是古罗马人，留下了他们的城镇和道路。其次是盎格鲁-撒克逊人，留下了他们的语言和政体。第三是斯堪的纳维亚人，他们对词汇和北部的地名造成了一定影响；第四是诺曼人，他们留下了城堡和食物名称的新词语。如果你到英国乡间去看看，你就会找到所有这些入侵者的痕迹。如果想使你的英国之旅不虚此行又有意义，你就必须留心观察。

伦敦观光记

由于担心时间不够，张萍玉早就把她想要在伦敦参观的地点列了一张单子。她最先想参观的地方是伦敦塔，它是很久以前由入侵的诺曼人在公元1066年修建的。真是太棒了！这个坚实的用石头砌的方形塔已经在那屹立一千年了。尽管在塔的四周扩建了一些建筑，但它仍然是皇宫和监狱联合体的一个组成部分。让张萍玉很惊讶的是，她发现女王的珠宝由皇家特别卫士守护着，而这些卫士在一些特殊的日子仍然穿着400年前伊丽莎白一世女王时代的制服。

接着参观的是圣·保罗大教堂，它是公元1666年伦敦大火以后建造的，刚建成的时候，它看起来真是金碧辉煌。威斯敏斯特大教堂也是很有意思的地方，里面珍藏着一些已故诗人和作家的雕像，例如莎士比亚的雕像。正当萍玉从大教堂走出来的时候，她听到了著名的大本钟在整点敲响的钟声。她参观了女王伦敦住所白金汉宫的外景，以此结束了一天的观光。啊，她要同朋友们讲的实在太多了！

第二天，萍玉姑娘参观了格林尼治天文台，看到了古老的轮船和那座著名的为为世界定时的时钟。她最感兴趣的是那条通过天文台的经线。这是一条假想的线，它把世界分成东西两半球，从而有利于航海。这条线穿过格林尼治，萍玉就跨着这条线拍了一张照片。

最后一天，她参观了伦敦海格特公墓里的卡尔·马克思的雕像。这似乎是一件怪事：这位发展了共产主义的人竟然在伦敦生活过，并且在伦敦去世。不仅如此，他还在大英博物馆著名的图书阅览室工作过。遗憾的是，这个图书馆已经从原来的地方搬到另一座大楼里去了，而原来的阅览室也没有了。但是她感到最为震惊的却是博物馆里展出的那么多来自不同文化的奇妙宝物。当萍玉看到那么多参观者用欣赏的目光注视着古老漂亮的中国陶瓷和其他展品时，心里充满了对祖国的自豪感。

再过一天，萍玉就要离开伦敦去温莎城堡了。她边睡觉边想：“也许我能见到女王呢？”

第三单元 未来的生活

第一印象

太空邮件：liqiang299A@GreatAdventureSpaceSation.com 15/11/3008(地球时间) 亲爱的爸爸妈妈：

我现在仍然无法相信我是在接受去年获得的这个奖励。我得不断提醒自己，我真的已经进入到公元3008年了。因为担心这次旅行，头几天我心里总是不踏实，结果我得了时间滞后症。这就与你乘坐飞机会产生时差反应相似，所不同的是，在你的脑子里似乎会不断闪现以前的时光。因此，我一开始就感到神经过敏和心神不定。但是我的朋友兼导游王平很细心体贴，给了我几粒绿色药片，倒是挺起作用的。他父母的公司叫做“未来之旅”，以其技术高超而闻名。他们把我装在一个时间舱里，平安地把我送入了未来。

我仍旧记得我们被太空服务员一起叫到时间舱，爬上去进入一个小门。座位是很舒适的，喝了点镇静剂后，我们的眼睛就闭上了，感到昏昏欲睡似的。时间舱在轻轻左右摇晃，我们放松地躺在那里做梦。几分钟以后，旅程结束，我们就到了。我仍然在地球上，但是进入到了未来的一千年。我们会看到什么呢？

一开始新的环境让我很难忍受。空气似乎很稀薄，好像在混合的气体中剩下的氧气很少。由于缺乏新鲜空气，我感到头痛。正当我想努力调整适应新环境时，王平出现了。他告诉我，“把这个面罩戴上。它会使你感觉好得多。”他把面罩递给我，敦促我马上走进附近的一个小房间，叫我休息。我立刻就感到舒服些了。没过多久，我就再次站立起来，跟着他去领取了一台由电脑驱动的气垫车。这些气垫车是在地面上方漂浮着的，只要在座位上把操纵杆打弯或压下，你就可以迅速地移动。王平系紧了我的安全带，教我怎样使用它。不久，我就可以飞得跟王平一样快了。可是，当我们到达一个看上去像大市场的地方时，由于太多车子朝四面八方飞奔，我看不见王平了。他被卷入到这群车队里去了。就在这个时候我得到一次“时间滞后”的闪回，这样我就再次看到了似乎是公元2008年的那个地区。我这才懂得我被送到了未来，但却仍然在自己的家乡。就在这个时候，我又见到了王平，于是又跟在他后面飞去。

到了一幢看上去很奇怪的房子里，他把我带到一个明亮而洁净的大房间。墙是绿色的，地板是棕色的，灯光很柔和。突然墙壁移动了——原来是树形成的！后来我才发现，就是这些树的叶子为这栋房屋提供了最急需的氧气。然后王平在电脑屏幕上的开关上闪了一下，于是一张桌子和几把椅子就像变魔术那样从地板下面升了起来。“怎么不坐下来吃些东西呢？”他说道，“你第一次作这样的时间旅行，可能会感到有些困难。你可以好好休息一下。今天没有任何出行计划。明天你还要准备参观几个地方。”说完这些，他把食物摆在桌子上，又从地板下取出一张床来。他离开后，我简单吃了饭，洗了个热水澡。实在累坏了，我溜上床很快就睡着了。

以后再谈吧！

你的儿子

篇三：人教版高二必修五英语课文完形填空(原创)

John Snow was a famous doctor in London - ______ expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal ______(physical). But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the ______(die) disease of its day. Neither its cause ______ its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time ______ was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and ______(solve) this problem. He knew that cholera would never ______(control) until its cause was found.

He became interested in two theories that ______(possible) explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated ______ until it found its ______(victim). The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.

John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct ______ he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his ______(enquire). ______ the disease spread quickly through poor ______(neighbor), he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.

First he marked on a map the exact places ______ all the dead people ______(live). This gave him ______ valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the ______(die) were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) ______(have) no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They ______(give) free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame.

Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that ______ came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street ______(remove) the handle ______from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He ______(show) that cholera was spread by germs and not in ______ cloud of gas.

In another part of London, he found ______(support) evidence from two other deaths that ______(link) to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. ______ she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce ______ certainty that polluted water carried the virus.

To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies ______(examine). The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally "King Cholera" was defeated.

COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind ______(confuse). Although he ______(try)to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led ______ the same conclusion: ______ the earth was not the

centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the ______(power) Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such ______ idea. They believed God had made the world and ______ that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.

The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed ______(stop), move backward and then go forward ______ a loop. Others appeared ______(bright) at times and less bright at others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.

In 1514 he showed it ______(private) to his friends. The changes he made ______ the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a ______(fix) sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth ______(spin) as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the ______(bright) of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ______(idea), but Copernicus was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it ______ he lay dying in 1543.

Certainly he was right ______(careful). The Christian Church rejected his theory, ______(say) it was against God's idea and people who supported it would be attacked. Yet Copernicus' theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity, which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe. Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong. Now people can see that there is a direct link ______ his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.

People may wonder ______ different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. You can clarify this question if you study British history.

First there was England. Wales ______(link) to it in the thirteenth century. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included ______ well. Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to "Great Britain". Happily this was accomplished ______ conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well. Finally the English government tried in the early ______(twenty) century to form the United Kingdom ______ getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way. ______, the southern part of Ireland was ______(willing) and broke away to form its own government. So only Northern Ireland joined ______ England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this ______(show) to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.

______ their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, the currency and international relations), ______ they still have very different institutions. For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different ______(education) and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!

England is the largest of the four countries, and ______ convenience it is divided roughly into three zones. The zone nearest France ______(call) the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North. You find most of the

population ______(settle) in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England. Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as ______ in China, they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two! It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors. ______ historical architecture you have to go to ______(old) but smaller towns built by the Romans. There you ______(find) out more about British history and culture.

The greatest historical treasure of all is London with ______(it) museums, art ______(collect), theatres, parks and buildings. It is the centre of national government and its administration. It has ______(old) port built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building ______(began) by the Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066. There ______(be) four sets of invaders of England. The first ______(invade), the Romans, left their towns and roads. The second, the Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government. The third, the Vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England, and the fourth, the Normans, left castles and introduced new words ______ food.

If you look ______ the British countryside you will find ______(evident) of all these invaders. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom ______(enjoy) and worthwhile.

Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu ______(make) a list of the sites she wanted to see in London. Her first delight was going to the Tower. It was built long ago ______ the Norman invaders of AD 1066. Fancy! This solid stone, square tower had remained ______(stand) for one thousand years. Although the buildings had expanded around ______, it remained part of a royal palace and prison ______(combine). To her great surprise, Zhang Pingyu found the Queen's jewels guarded by special royal soldiers ______, on special occasions, still wore the four-hundred-year-old uniform of the time of Queen Elizabeth I.

There followed St Paul's Cathedral built after the terrible fire ______ London in 1666. It looked splendid when first built! Westminster Abbey, too, was very interesting. It contained statues in memory of dead poets and writers, such as Shakespeare. Then just as she came out of the abbey, Pingyu heard ______ famous sound of the clock, Big Ben, ______(ring) out the hour. She finished the day by looking at the outside of Buckingham Palace, the Queen's house in London. Oh, she had so much ______(tell) her friends!

The second day the girl visited Greenwich and saw its old ships and famous clock that ______(set) the world time. What interested her most was the longitude line. It is an ______(imagine) line dividing the eastern and western halves of the world and is very ______(use) for navigation. It ______(pass) through Greenwich, so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either side of the line. The last day she visited Karl Marx's statue in Highgate Cemetery. It seemed strange that the man who ______(develop) communism should have lived and died in London. Not only that, ______he had worked in the famous reading room of the Library of the British Museum. Sadly the library had moved from its original place ______ another building and the old reading room was gone. But she was thrilled by so many wonderful treasures from different cultures ______(display) in the museum.

When she saw many visitors enjoying looking at the beautiful old Chinese pots and other objects ______ show, she felt very proud of her country.

The next day Pingyu was leaving London ______ Windsor Castle. "Perhaps I will see the Queen?" she wondered as she fell asleep.

高中英语必修五课文